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Evolution Korea
The democratic system in South Korea is susceptible to populist impulses. It's still better than was expected.
The country is searching for an innovative development paradigm. A Confucian culture that stresses respect for ancestors as well as gendered family relations continues influence the way we live. But there are signs that a secular culture is emerging.
Origins
In the prehistoric era the ancestors of today's Koreans were capable of surviving by hunting and gathering wild food. Then around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate crops including millet and beans. They also raised livestock and made furs. They established tribal states in Manchuria, and then on the Korean peninsula. They also developed an industry of metalworking, making bronze tools, and later iron tools. They traded with other states and introduced celadon paper making block printing art styles, as well as a written language to Japan.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon came into existence in the southern region of the peninsula. The state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian philosophy. At this time the inhabitants of Buyeo became part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state that was hierarchical where the monarch and senior officials were members of the aristocracy of the land, whereas the rest of its population were peasants. The state collected taxes from these citizens, and sometimes forced them to join the army or construct fortifications.
At the close of the period, the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom grew its territory to the southwest of the peninsula and clashed with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the area. Baekje included elements of Confucian thinking into its state beliefs and made the male-centric filiopiety concept an official doctrine in 1390 CE. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families. They had to be obeyed by everyone and admired by even their children and grandchildren.
Goryeo, a country that was ruled from 918 to 1392 CE and gave the world the Hangul Alphabet based on the shapes created by the mouth when pronouncing. This greatly improved the communication between people and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and movable type were also improved. In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi, or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was first recorded.
The evolution of Korea
The Korean peninsula has been habitable since Neolithic times. Early evidence for human settlements is evident in the form stone-lined cist graves with precious items like amazonite jewellery being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, constructed from enormous single stones, are prevalent throughout the country.
Gojoseon was the first state to be recognized during the first half of the 1st millennium BCE. After that the peninsula was ruled by various states during the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCfrom 635 CE) including Baekje Goguryeo and Silla. The northern portion of the peninsula was for a while occupied by the Balhae Kingdom which historians do not consider to be a genuine Korean state.
After the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged during the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje was the most powerful of these states was weakened by the collapse of Goguryeo (676 CE) leaving only its southern regions in Manchuria, and the western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo, and the Gaya confederacy, prospered for a short period of time.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms started to work together to expand their territories. In the end, Silla, with more info significant Chinese aid, conquered all other states and united the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea enters a post-crisis era the way it develops appears to be changing. People who are shocked by the immense cost of the old system would prefer an extensive program of liberalization of capital as well as labor and product markets. On the other hand the supporters of the old system seek to preserve it through nationalist sentiments, as well as by inflating fears about potential job loss.
The academic and policy analysts remain sharply divided on the extent to the extent that these two trends are driving Koreas development towards an entirely new model of economic governance. This article reviews the latest developments by analyzing five phases of Korea's political evolution that include the illiberal democratic period (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72), authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001), and democratic participation (2002 to present). This article also highlights significant factors that may be shaping these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have made significant progress in promoting their beliefs to this group. A survey from 2009 showed that nearly a third of respondents were against evolution. Of those, 41% said there was not enough scientific evidence to support the theory; 39% claimed that it did not align with their religious beliefs; and 17 percent said they did not know what it meant. This level of disbelief approaches that in the United States, where a similar percentage of people do not believe that humans evolved from earlier types of life.
In the past, most of the anti-evolution movement in Korea was focused on teaching college students and bringing them to Christ. In 1980 the year 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the keynote speakers. This event was attended by an impressive crowd of professors, scientists, and church leaders.
The event's success led to the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st in 1980. The inaugural meeting was widely reported in national newspapers, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo, and it attracted a lot of attention.
KACR began publishing a newsletter called CREATION. In it, the organization reported on its own activities and published articles on the scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR and also a few books on creationism that were already in print outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures in churches and universities throughout the country.
A KACR success was witnessed at the KAIST University in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were keen on the concept of creationism that they raised money and secured support to build a small museum dedicated to creation on campus.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine, CREATION, that covers topics related to creation science, and it has sponsored a series of talks by ICR staff. It has also organized local branches that hold seminars and provide talks to schoolchildren and community groups.
The evolution of South Korea
In the late 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The traditional hanbok, or Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts, as well as other fashion elements from abroad. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by jazz and rock & roll. In this time the famous samulnori, also known as masked dancing-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the beat of shaman drummers as well as other musical instruments.
The economic crisis has shaped Korea's new development paradigm. The new regime's main challenge is the balance between the state-led economic policies and market-based ones. It also requires changing incentives, monitoring, or discipline schemes that have been a part of the system prior the crisis. These issues are examined in Chapters 3 and 4.
Founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by people living along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas and people from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory as far as Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. It was therefore in constant conflict with Goguryeo, and the Chinese commanderies on the border.
The decline of Silla in the late 8th and 9th centuries enabled strong local factions to emerge. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He ruled a portion of today's Jeolla province as well as Chungcheong. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju. He was an adversary to Goguryeo.
His rule was however short-lived. After his defeat, Gungye was replaced by an influential local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later Baekje was peacefully integrated into Goryeo as an heir state. Additionally, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a centralized rule system. This marked the closing of the Three Kingdoms period. From that point on, the Korean peninsula was ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually developed into powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.